Maupertuis proposes an adaptationist account of organic design

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 520.

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History of genetic

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Student: Irina Kuz'minskaya

Group IES 204

Instructor: Vasylchenko O.A

Kyiv 2013

1.1 Maupertuis proposes an adaptationist account of organic design

1.2 Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, vastly strengthening the adaptationist hypothesis

1.3 Gregory Mendel publishes evidence for the discreteness and combinatorial rules of inherited traits

1.4 Miescher discovers "nuclein" (DNA) in the cells from pus in open wounds -- cells composed mostly of nuclear material. It became known as nucleic acid after 1874, when Miescher separated it into a protein and an acid molecule.

1.5 Muller formulates the chief principles of spontaneous gene mutation as point effects of ultramicroscopic physico-chemical accidents; he induces such changes using X-rays

1.6 Nucleic acid found to be a major component of the chromosomes

1.7 Chemical nature of nuclei acid investigated. It was thought to be a tetranucleotide composed of one unit each of adenylic, guanylic, thymidylic and cytidylic acids

1.8 The molecular weight of nucleic acid was found to be much higher than the tetranucleotide hypothesis required, but it was still viewed as a uniform polymer, like starch, unaffected by its biological source

1.9 Oswald Avery identifies nucleic acids as the active principle in bacterial transformation

2.0 Erwin Chargaff shows that the four nucleotides are not present in nucleic acids in stable proportions, and that the nucleotide composition differs according to its biological source.

2.1 Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase show that on infection of the host bacterium by a virus, at least 80% of the viral DNA enters the cell and at least 80% of the viral protein remains outside.

2.2 Watson and Crick determine that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a double-strand helix of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a deoxyribose sugar molecule to which is attached a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases: two purines (adenine and guanine) and two pyrimidines (cytosine and thymine).

2.3 Comparisons between chimpanzee and human genomes finds that they diverge by only 1.6%--less than most sibling species, which barely differ in morphology, and far less than that between any pair of congeneric species.

2.4 The discovery of regulator genes--genes that control the timing and output of structural genes

2.5 McClintock discovered transposable strands of genes in maize already in the 1940s, but her work was not fully recognized for a generation.

2.6 McClintock discovered transposable strands of genes in maize already in the 1940s, but her work was not fully recognized for a generation.

2.7 The Human Genome Project presents its preliminary results: each of the body's 100 trillion cells contains some 3.1 billion nucleotide units. Only 1% of these are thought to be transcriptional, clustered in possibly as few as 30,000 genes.

(1745 )

Maupertuis published on many topics including mathematics, geography, moral philosophy, biology, astronomy and cosmology. We have mentioned some of his contributions above, but let us now mention some others. One important publication on natural history was Vénus physique in 1745 in which he discussed the biological theory of the formation of the embryo. This work, and other work by Maupertuis on heredity, proposed a series of conjectures which some see as an early version of the theory of evolution. Indeed if he had taken his conjectures forward and developed them into a more fully formed theory he might now be recognised as putting forward the foundations of the theory of evolution. As it was, although he put forward the mechanism for one species developing into another, he failed to postulate the driving mechanism, namely natural selection.

(1859 )