LINGUISTIC TERMS

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 802.

Acronyms are words obtained in the result of a derivational process when words are formed from the initial sounds or letters of the given words.

Adjective is a notional part of speech that embraces words expressing different qualities of substances.

Allomorphs are the positional variants of morphemes.

Аnalytical forms are combinations elements of which are written separately.

Aspect is a verb category that reveals the development of an action.

Blends are words created from parts of two already existing lexical items.

Bound morpheme is that which is always detached to other morphemes and cannot function independently.

Case is a category of a noun expressing relations between the thing denoted by the noun and other things, or properties, or actions and manifested by some formal sign in the noun itself.

Clipping is a process when a new word is created by shortening a polysyllabic word.

Complementary distribution is that when the positions of the opposed linguistic units are different but their meaning is the same.

Contrastive distribution is that when the position of the opposed linguistic units is the same, but their meanings are different.

Conversion is a word-building process when new words are created by assigning to the already existing stem categories typical of other part of speech.

Distribution is the sum of all possible environments of a linguistic unit.

Equipollent opposition is that in which both members are marked.

Free morpheme is a morpheme of table- type which can function alone.

Gradable adjectives are those that express a condition or a quality of which there are degrees, and whose meaning can be thought of in terms of a scale.

Gradual opposition is that members of which differ in the degree of a certain property.

Grammar is a set of principles by which a language functions.

Grammatical category is a unity of a grammatical form and grammatical meaning.

Grammatical form is that which expresses the grammatical meaning.

Grammaticalization is a process when words become grammar endings.

Grammatical meaning is a general, abstract meaning typical of a certain class of words and expressed by the grammatical formal expression (or by the absence of the latter).

Grammatical system is the whole set of regularities determining the combination of naming means in the formation of utterances as the embodiment of thinking process.

Grammeme is a system of word-forms (of the type boys, children, people, men) that have the same grammatical meaning but different lexical meanings.

Homonymous morphemes are those which have the same pronunciation but are different in meaning.

Homonymy is a linguistic phenomenon when two or more units of the plane of content correspond to one unit of the plane of expression.

Indicative mood is the basic mood of the verb that presents the action as a fact of reality.

Imperative moodis that which presents an action as an order, command, request addressed to the listener.

Language is a system of rules, laws of different kinds which are the base for speech.

Lexeme is a system of forms (of the type boy, boys, boy's, boys') that have the same lexical meaning but different grammatical meanings.

Lexicalization is a process when a grammar form gives rise to new lexical units.

Lexical morpheme is that which is regarded as the root of the word.

Lexical system is the whole set of naming means of language, that is, words and stable word-groups.

Mood is the grammatical category of the verb that shows the relation between the action denoted by the verb and reality from the point of view of the speaker.

Morphs are material expressions of morphemes.

Morpheme is the smallest meaningful part of a word, the sum of all allomorphs of a given morpheme united on the basis of being common in phonetical and meaningful expression.

Morphology is that branch of grammar which studies paradigmatic relations.

Non-contrastive distribution is that when the position of the opposed linguistic units is the same as well as their meaning.

Noun is a notional word that designates substances in the wide sense of this word.

Number is a category of a noun that shows the difference in quantity of things, namely: one thing – more than one thing.

Order is a verb category that shows whether the action is viewed as prior to or irrespective of other actions.

Paradigm is a unity of all lexemes and all grammemes of a given class of words.

Paradigmatic relations are those established in connection with other forms of the same language units or between structurally homogenious elements united on the basis of possessing some common parts.

Parts of speech are traditional grammatical classes of words.

Past tense is the time that precedes the present moment, and does not include it.

Phonological system is the subfoundation of language which determines the material (phonetical) appearance of its significative units.

Plane of content is a set of purely semantic elements contained in language.

Plane of expression is a set of material (formal) units of language taken by themselves, apart from the meanings rendered by them.

Pluralia tantum are nouns which have only the plural and no singular form.

Polysemy is a linguistic phenomenon when two or more units of the plane of content correspond to one unit of the plane of expression.

Prefix is an affix attached to the front of the stem of the word.

Present tense is as a moment of speech or a longer period including this moment.

Privative opposition is that one member of which has a certain distinctive feature.

Qualitative adjectives are those that denote different properties of a substance directly.

Relative adjectives are those that describe properties of a substance through their relation to other substance, or material, place, time or action.

Segmental units is units consisting of phonemes which form phonemic strings of various status (syllables, morphemes, words, etc.).

Singularia tantumare nouns which have only the singular and no plural form.

Sound interchange (sound alternation / inner inflexion) is such a way of expressing a grammatical category which consists in changing a sound in the root of the word.

Speech is the manifestation of language.

Structural Grammar is that which treats the two types of meaning (lexical and structural) in the aspect of their influence on the meaning of the whole sentence.

Subjunctive mood is that which represents the action as imaginary, desirable, unreal, etc.

Suffix is an affix attached to the end of the stem of the word.

Suppletivity is such a way of expressing a grammatical category when a new form of a word is built from a different stem-word.

Synonymy is a linguistic phenomenon when two or more units of the plane of expression correspond to one unit of the plane of content.

Syntagma is the combination of two words or word-groups one of which is modified by the other.

Syntagmatic relations are those established in connection with other units of the same level.

Syntax is that branch of grammar which studies syntagmatic connections.

Simple synthetic forms are units all the elements of which are written together.

Tense is the grammatical category of verbs that expresses the relation between the time of the event and the time of the statement.

Theoretical Grammar is a linguistic discipline whose aim is to present a theoretical discription of its grammatical system, i.e. to scientifically analyse and define its grammatical categories and study the mechanisms of grammatical formation of utterances out of words in the process of speech making.

Traditional Grammar is that which treats parts of speech according to their formal features and functions in the sentence.

Transformational Grammar is that which studies all possible sentences people are able to produce.

Verb is a notional part of speech which denotes actions and states.

Voice is a verb category that shows the direction of the action towards the participants of the action.