INFORMAL AND FORMAL EDUCATION

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 1914.

А В

UNIT 6

Notes and Commentary

niche (n) — ниша

cохранять — to preserve

сокращать — to reduce

ограничивать —to restrict

возрастать —to magnify

превращаться (постепенно развиваться) - to evolve

the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, GATT –Генеральное соглашение о тарифах и торговле, ГАТТ, заключенное в 1947 г. между 23 странами; каждое из этих государств в соответствии с соглашением предоставило другим равный и недискриминационныи режим торговли, сократило тарифы и со временем устранило импортные квоты

заключать —зд.to establish

относиться — to treat

the most-favoured-nation principle — режим наибольшего благоприятствования

предоставлять —зд. to give

конкурировать — to compete

in the jargon of — выражаясь языком; на жаргоне

Theme: DIFFERENT KINDS OF EDUCATION

Texts: 1. Informal and Formal Education. 2. General and Vocational Education.

Dialogues: 1. Education in the UK. 2. Education in the USA.

Grammar: The Complex Object

Test б

EXERCISE 1. Read, translate, and study the use of the new words to read and discuss the texts and dialogues:

1) experience, learning experiences. Education includes different kinds of learning experiences.

2) a sense, in the broadest sense. In its broadest sense, education is the ways in which people get knowledge and understanding about the world and about themselves.

3) a skill, to learn skills. The pupils are learning different skills.

4) to gain, to gain knowledge. The people gain knowledge about the world.

5) a scheme. We'll use this scheme while discussing the problem.

6) formal, informal. We'll discuss formal and informal education.

7) daily, daily life. People are involved in learning during their daily life.

8) manner, with good manners. Children are taught to eat with good manners.

9) to ride, to ride a horse, to ride a bicycle. Children learn to ride a bicycle.

10) to pass, to pass an exam. At the university he has to pass different kinds of exams.

11) to be in charge of. The Minister of Education is in charge of edu­cation at all the levels.

12) to expect. I expect she will pass an exam.

13) both ... and... Education includes both informal and formal ways of learning.

14) vocational education. School systems provide both general and vocational education.

15) gifted, physically or mentally handicapped. Most countries provide education both for gifted and for physically or mentally handi­capped children.

16) an adult. The country provides education both for children and for adults.

EXERCISE 2. Read the international words and mind the stress:

form, dis'cussion, 'telephone, i'nitiative, 'visit, mu'seum, tele'vision show, 'video, 'radio, 'programme, test, e'xam, inst'ruction, 'college, uni'versity, 'system, 'type, diploma, certificate, 'nation, in'form, de'sign, 'culture, 'specialist, arith'metic, ge'ography, 'history, 'student, elect'ronics,. 'course, profession, ca'reer, agri'culture, 'architecture, 'business, 'medicine, ma'terial, information, 'public, corpo'ration, 'institute.

EXERCISE 3. Translate, analyze the following words with different! suffixes, and divide them into two groups: nouns and adjectives;

informal, formal, education, different, experience, useful, language,! teacher, television, instruction, childhood, learner, nation, general, vocational, special, intelligent, cultural, heritage, specialist, technical, pro­fessional, agriculture, architecture, pleasure, educational, public, inde­pendent, corporation, correspondence, assistance, Russian, American, conversation, national, attendance;

b) Make up as many words as you can by combining different parts of the words:

in- differ -ent

use -ful

teach -er

learn -ist

special

depend

c) The word in capitals at the end of each of the following sentenc­es should be changed to form a word that fits suitably in the blank space:

1. The British universities are ... from the public system of education DEPEND.

2. ... expect students to pass the exam TEACH.

3. Students should come to college ... REGULAR.

4. Pupils are taught... subjects DIFFER.

5. ... study various subjects with the teacher at the head LEARN.

EXERCISE 4. a) Try to match up the adjectives in column A with the nouns in column В to form meaningful phrases:

1. different a) childhood

2. formal b) scheme

3. useful c) amount

4. large d) education

5. intelligent e) subjects

6. young f) heritage

7. good g) manners

8. early h) schools

9. cultural i) citizens

10. technical j) people

b) Decide which of the verbs on the left collocate with the nouns on the right:

1. to include ... a) subjects

2. to involve ... b) knowledge

EXERCISE 5. Translate the following word combinations; pay atten­tion to the prepositions:

about the world, about themselves, for discussing, to divide into, dur­ing their daily life, for example, by hearing, by trying, in the same for- \ mal manner, with good manners, on their own initiative, without a teacher, look at a videotape, listen to a radio, at different kinds of schools, in most countries, a system of formal education, during their early child­hood, in this type of education, in charge of education, with the teachers at the head, to come to school, in their learning, at the end of their learning, the school systems of all modern nations, for gifted children, after leaving school, a large amount of time, aims at producing, in secondary schools, the aim of vocational education, for a job, between the ages of 5 and 16, agree with you, at the age of 15, beyond the age of 16, by public funds, by correspondence, in their own homes, about it, is responsible for, at all stages, by name.

EXERCISE 6. a) Translate the following definitions of the words:

1. A skill is a special ability to do something well, especially as gained by learning and practice.

2. A sense is good and especially practical understanding.

3. A manner is the way or method in which something is done or] happens.

4. An adult is a fully grown person, especially a person over an age| stated by law, usually 18 or 21.

5. A heritage is an object, custom, or quality which is passed down over many years within a nation, social group, or family, and thought of as something valuable and important which belongs to all its members.

b) The following words also appear in the texts and dialogues; match each one with its correct definition:

carpentry, to transmit, experience, to gain, intelligent

1. the art of work of a person who is skilled at making and repairing wooden objects, especially one who does this as a job;

2. having or showing powers of learning, reasoning, or understand­ing;

3. to send or pass from one person, place, thing to another;

4. knowledge or skill which comes from practice in an activity or doing something for a long time, rather than from books;

5. to get something useful, wanted.

EXERCISE 7. Read and translate the sentences; memorize the use of the Complex Object:

1. We consider education to be the ways in which people learn skills, gain knowledge and understanding about the world and about themselves. 2. Teachers expect learners to come to school regularly and on time. 3. Teachers suppose learners to work at about the same speed as their classmates. 4. Teachers wish learners to pass exams successfully. 5. Teach­ers want them to take up their education after leaving school. 6. He wants the material about the educational system to be memorized. 7. The par­ents made him enter this university. 8. They expected us to support him. 9. We know him to have entered the university. 10.I heard Mr. Brown congratulate Jane on her birthday.

EXERCISE 8. Transform the sentences according to the models to practice the use of the Complex Object:

a) Model: Has Mary filled in the form? (to see) — Yes, I saw her fill in the form.

1. Has Mr. Brown congratulated Jane on her birthday? (to hear) 2. Did Peter come in? (watch) 3. Did John apologize to her? (to hear) 4. Has James done it? (to feel) 5. Did Mary write a composition? (to see)

b) Model: We expect that they will come tomorrow.

We expect them to come tomorrow.

1. The parents suppose that their son will pass that exam. 2. The gov­ernment considers that the vocational education develops trained spe­cialists. 3. They believe that the general education transmits cultural her­itage. 4. We know that primary school pupils are taught such skills, as reading, writing, and arithmetic. 5. We know that they also receive in­struction in different subjects.

c) Model: Мы не ожидали, что он придет.

We didn't expect him to come.

1. Мы не предполагали, что вы сделаете это. 2. Преподаватель хочет, чтобы они написали сочинение об этом. 3. Я желаю, чтобы вы поступили в этот университет. 4. Он считает, что она переведет этот текст хорошо. 5. Я не ожидал, что они учатся здесь.

d) Model: Преподаватель заставил студентов посещать лекции.

The teacher made the students attend lectures.

1. Мать заставила дочь почистить ковер. 2. Она заставила его спеть. 3. Он заставил ее написать статью. 4. Я заставил его встать и выйти. 5. Он заставил нас ответить на вопросы.

EXERCISE 9. Fill in the gaps to practice the use of the Complex Ob­ject (the verb is given in brackets at the end of each sentence):

1. They saw him ... the street (to cross). 2. We think him... a compo­sition (to write). 3. We think the composition ... by him (to write). 4. The j mother made her daughter... the text (to translate). 5. The mother supposes the children... TV (to watch). 6. The teacher supposes the students ... the material about the educational system in the country (to study), 7. The teacher supposed the material about the educational system ... by the students (to study). 8. Mary allowed the book ... into the bookcase (to put). 9. They expected him ... the exam (to pass). 10.1 know her ... texts very well (to translate).

EXERCISE 10. a) Read the text, try to focus on its essential facts.] Choose the most suitable heading below for each paragraph:

1) What is Education? 2) Formal Education 3) Informal Education 4) Different Kinds of Formal Education

b) Make a précis of the text, using the following phrases:

1) The title of the text is... 2) The text is about... The text deals with… 3) The text covers such points as... 4) It should be underlined that... 5) In conclusion, I may say that... 6) To my mind... In my opinion...

Education includes different kinds of learning experiences. In it broadest sense, we consider education to be the ways in which people learn skills, gain knowledge and understanding about the world and about themselves. One useful scheme for discussing education is to divide the ways of learning into two types: informal and formal.

Informal education involves people in learning during their daily life. For example, children learn their language simply by hearing and by try­ing 4o speak themselves. In the same informal manner, they learn to dress themselves, to eat with good manners, to ride a bicycle, or to make a telephone call. Education is also informal when people try to get infor­mation or to learn skills on their own initiative without a teacher. To do so, they may visit a book shop, library or museum. They may watch a television show, look at a videotape, or listen to a radio programme. They do not have to pass tests or exams.

We consider formal education to be the instruction given at different kinds of schools, colleges, universities. In most countries, people enter a system of formal education during their early childhood. In this type of education, the people, who are in charge of education, decide what to teach. Then learners study those things with the teachers at the head. Teachers expect learners to come to school regularly and on time, to work at about the same speed as their classmates, and to pass tests and exams. Learners have to pass the exams to show how well they have progressed in their learning. At the end of their learning, learners may earn a diplo­ma, a certificate, or a degree as a mark of their success over the years.

The school systems of all modern nations provide both general and vocational education. Most countries also offer special education pro­grams for gifted or for physically or mentally handicapped children. Adult education programmes are provided for people who wish to take up their education after leaving school. Most countries spend a large amount of time and money for formal education of their citizens.

EXERCISE 11. Read and give a summary of the text.